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Paleontology is the scientific field dedicated to the study of prehistoric life, primarily through the examination of fossils. This discipline focuses on understanding the history of life on Earth, including the evolution of organisms, their environments, and the biological and ecological changes that have occurred over geologic time.

Paleontologists analyze fossilized remains and traces of plants and animals, which can include bones, shells, imprints, and even evidence of behavior. By interpreting these fossils, they can reconstruct past ecosystems and understand how life has changed.

Other fields mentioned do not focus specifically on prehistoric life through fossils. Geology studies the Earth’s physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that shape it, while anthropology examines human societies and cultures, often in the context of living populations. Archaeology, though it overlaps with paleontology in some aspects, primarily studies human history and prehistory through material remains, such as artifacts rather than biological specimens. Understanding the distinctions between these disciplines clarifies why paleontology is the correct answer.